<span dir="auto" style="vertical-align: inherit;"><span dir="auto" style="vertical-align: inherit;">Aging is not one process, andanti-aging peptides do not act on one target. Three mechanisms cover what the four peptides on this page are actually doing.</span></span>

The first is structural.GHK-Cu is a copper-bound tripeptide your body already makes, and plasma levels fall roughly 60 percent between age 25 and age 60. It signals fibroblasts to restart collagen synthesis and skin remodeling, the same repair program that runs after a wound. Most of the human evidence for it is topical or in cultured tissue rather than injected.

The second is cellular timekeeping. Epitalon is a synthetic four-amino-acid peptide modeled on a pineal extract, studied for telomere maintenance and for melatonin rhythm. The animal work goes back decades. Human telomere data is thin and still exploratory, which is the honest way to describe it.

The third is energy. NAD+ is a coenzyme that mitochondrial function depends on, and it fuels the sirtuin and PARP enzymes that handle DNA repair. Levels drop with age. Restoring them raises cellular energy markers in research models; whether that changes how a person ages is the question the field is still working on.